L2 Learning Strategies

L2 Learning Strategies: "Learning strategies questionnaire
When you are learning another language in the classroom, what special things do you do or what tricks do you use for:

* learning grammar
* getting meanings from contexts
* using the language socially outside the classroom
* using the language for work, obtaining information, etc

Bialystok

The Good Language Learner (GLL) Strategies (Naiman, Frohlich, & Stern)
1. find a learning style that suits you
2. involve yourself in the language learning process
3. develop an awareness of language both as system and as communication
4. pay constant attention to expanding your language
5. develop the L2 as a separate system
6. take into account the demands that L2 learning imposes


Research summary: O'Malley, J.M., Chamot, A.U., Stewner-Manzanares, G., Kupper, L., & Russo, R.P. (1985), 'Learning strategies used by beginning and intermediate ESL students', Language Learning, 35, 21-46
Aim: to discover learning strategies used by L2 learners inside and outside the classroom
Learners: 70 Spanish-speaking high school ESL students and 20 ESL teachers
Data type: interviews with students and teachers, and classroom observation
Method of analysis: interviews scored by 4 raters for strategies
Results: established a range of 26 learning strategies in 3 broad categories of metacognitive (69.9%), cognitive (30%), and social\affective (0.1%)

Beginners Intermediate
Metacognitive: 112 80
Cognitive: 297 149
Total: 409 229

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